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GNDU Question Paper-2024

B.A 2

Semester

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

(Indian Administration)

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any Four

questions.

SECTION-A

1. Write a detailed note on Indian Federalism.

2. Elaborate upon the legislative relations between Union and States

SECTION-B

3. How is the President elected? Discuss power and functions of President.

4. Write a detailed note on the composition, functions and role of the High Court.

SECTION-C

5. How is the Chief Minister appointed? Discuss position and functions of the Chief Minister.

6. Discuss Functions and Role of Divisional Commissioner.

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SECTION-D

7. Discuss the relationship between Permanent and Political Executive.

8. Write an essay on Good Governance Initiatives.

GNDU Answer Paper-2024

B.A 2

Semester

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

(Indian Administration)

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any Four

questions.

SECTION-A

1. Write a detailed note on Indian Federalism.

Ans: Indian Federalism

India is a vast and diverse country with different languages, cultures, and traditions. To ensure

smooth governance in such a large country, India follows a system of federalism. Federalism means

dividing powers between the central government and the state governments so that both can

function independently in their respective areas. This system helps in managing a large and diverse

country efficiently.

Meaning of Federalism

Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and

smaller regional units. In the case of India, power is divided between the Union (central)

government and the state governments. This means that both levels of government have their own

responsibilities and powers as defined by the Constitution.

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Features of Indian Federalism

Indian federalism has some unique characteristics that make it different from the federalism of

other countries like the USA. The key features are:

1. Dual Government System: India has two levels of government— the central government

and state governments. Each level has its own set of powers and functions.

2. Division of Powers: The Constitution of India clearly defines the powers of both the central

and state governments. This is done through three lists:

o Union List: Contains subjects on which only the central government can make laws

(e.g., defense, foreign affairs, railways, banking).

o State List: Contains subjects on which only the state governments can make laws

(e.g., police, public health, agriculture, local government).

o Concurrent List: Contains subjects on which both the central and state governments

can make laws (e.g., education, marriage and divorce, environmental protection). In

case of conflict, the central government’s law prevails.

3. Strong Central Government: Unlike the federal system in the USA, where the states are

quite powerful, Indian federalism is designed to give more power to the central government.

This is sometimes called "quasi-federalism" because India is not completely federal like the

USA but also has some unitary (centralized) features.

4. Supremacy of the Constitution: The Indian Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Both

the central and state governments must follow the rules laid down by the Constitution.

5. Independent Judiciary: The Supreme Court of India acts as the guardian of the Constitution.

It has the power to resolve disputes between the central and state governments and protect

the rights of citizens.

6. Flexibility in Federalism: The Indian Constitution allows changes in the distribution of

powers depending on the situation. For example, during an emergency, the central

government gets more control over states.

Types of Federalism in India

India’s federalism has different forms based on the situation:

1. Cooperative Federalism: This means that the central and state governments work together

for the development of the country. For example, schemes like the Ayushman Bharat health

program involve both central and state governments.

2. Competitive Federalism: In this form, states compete with each other to perform better in

areas like investment, infrastructure, and ease of doing business. For example, different

states try to attract industries by offering better facilities.

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3. Fiscal Federalism: This deals with the financial relationship between the center and states.

The central government collects most of the taxes and then distributes funds to the states

based on their needs and development status.

Challenges to Indian Federalism

Despite its benefits, Indian federalism faces several challenges:

1. Centralization of Power: Over the years, the central government has increased its control

over states, reducing their autonomy.

2. Disputes between Center and States: Sometimes, conflicts arise between the central and

state governments over jurisdiction, financial matters, or laws.

3. Regional Imbalances: Some states are more developed than others, leading to economic

disparities.

4. Governor’s Role: The Governor, who is appointed by the central government, sometimes

interferes in state matters, leading to tensions between the center and states.

5. Article 356 (President’s Rule): The central government can dismiss a state government and

take direct control, which some believe weakens federalism.

Examples of Indian Federalism in Action

1. GST (Goods and Services Tax): A good example of cooperative federalism where both center

and states agreed to a single tax system.

2. COVID-19 Pandemic: The central and state governments worked together in handling the

crisis, though some conflicts arose over vaccine distribution and lockdown policies.

3. River Disputes: States like Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have disputes over river water sharing,

showing the need for better federal cooperation.

Conclusion

Indian federalism is a well-balanced system that ensures both national unity and regional

autonomy. While challenges exist, the system has evolved over time to accommodate changes. To

strengthen federalism, better cooperation between the center and states is needed, along with

financial independence for states. Federalism in India plays a crucial role in maintaining democracy

and ensuring effective governance in such a diverse country.

2. Elaborate upon the legislative relations between Union and States

Ans: Legislative Relations Between Union and States in India

India follows a federal system of government, which means that power is divided between the

central (Union) government and the state governments. The Constitution of India provides a clear

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structure for this division of powers, especially in legislative matters. Legislative relations refer to

the distribution of law-making powers between the Union and the States.

1. Constitutional Provisions for Legislative Relations

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 245 to 255, outlines how laws are made by both the Union

and the States. It divides legislative powers through the Seventh Schedule, which contains three

lists:

(a) Union List

• This list contains subjects on which only the Parliament (Union government) can make laws.

• It includes matters of national importance that require uniformity across the country.

• Some examples: Defence, Foreign Affairs, Railways, Banking, Atomic Energy, and

Communication.

• The Union government has exclusive control over these subjects to ensure that laws remain

the same across all states.

(b) State List

• This list includes subjects on which only the State Legislatures can make laws.

• It mainly covers issues that are of local or regional importance.

• Some examples: Police, Public Health, Agriculture, Water Supply, Land Revenue, and Local

Government.

• Each state has the authority to frame laws according to its specific needs.

• This list consists of subjects on which both the Union and State governments can make laws.

• If there is a conflict between the Union and State law on a subject in this list, the Union law

prevails.

• Some examples: Education, Criminal Law, Marriage and Divorce, Bankruptcy, Forests, and

Trade Unions.

• The purpose of this list is to ensure cooperation between both levels of government.

2. Residuary Powers

The Constitution also provides for Residuary Powers, which means that any subject not mentioned

in any of the three lists automatically comes under the Union List.

• For example, Cyber Laws and Space Research were not originally listed in the Constitution,

so the Parliament has the power to make laws on these subjects.

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3. Power of Parliament to Override State Laws

There are several circumstances where the Parliament (Union government) can make laws even on

subjects listed under the State List:

(a) In the National Interest (Article 249)

• If the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament) passes a resolution by a two-thirds majority

that a subject in the State List is of national importance, then Parliament can make laws on

that subject.

• Example: If there is a need for a uniform policy on agriculture across India, Parliament can

take control over agricultural laws.

(b) During a National Emergency (Article 250)

• When a National Emergency is declared (due to war, external aggression, or armed

rebellion), Parliament can make laws on State subjects.

• Example: During a war, the central government may take control of police and public order

to ensure national security.

• If two or more states feel that a subject under the State List needs uniform laws, they can

request the Parliament to make laws for them.

• Example: Some states have requested Parliament to regulate water disputes between them.

(d) During a President’s Rule (Article 356)

• If the President’s Rule is imposed in a state due to the failure of the state government,

Parliament can make laws for that state.

• Example: If a state government collapses and the President’s Rule is imposed, Parliament

can make laws on subjects in the State List for that state.

4. Inconsistency Between Union and State Laws (Article 254)

• If a law made by the state conflicts with a law made by Parliament on the same subject, the

central law prevails.

• However, if the state law has received the approval of the President, it can override the

Union law for that state.

5. Special Provisions for Certain States

• Some states like Jammu and Kashmir (before Article 370 was abrogated in 2019) and North-

Eastern states have special provisions regarding legislative matters.

• Parliament needs to consider the unique needs of these regions before making laws that

affect them.

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6. Judiciary’s Role in Legislative Relations

• The Supreme Court of India has the power to settle disputes between the Union and State

governments regarding legislative matters.

• If a state feels that Parliament has exceeded its authority, it can challenge the law in the

Supreme Court.

7. Examples to Understand the Legislative Relations

Example 1: GST Law

• The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an example of cooperation between the Union and

State governments.

• Since taxation was previously part of both Union and State Lists, Parliament and states

worked together to create a uniform GST law.

Example 2: COVID-19 Lockdown Regulations

• During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health was a State subject, but the Union

government used its powers under the Disaster Management Act (a Union law) to enforce

lockdown rules across India.

• This shows how the Union can intervene in State matters during an emergency.

Conclusion

The Indian Constitution carefully balances legislative powers between the Union and States to

maintain harmony in governance. While states have significant autonomy in making laws on

regional issues, the Union government has overriding powers in matters of national interest. This

division ensures that India functions efficiently as a federal country while maintaining unity and

integrity across all regions.

SECTION-B

3. How is the President elected? Discuss power and functions of President.

Ans: The Election, Powers, and Functions of the President of India

The President of India is the head of the state and the supreme commander of the Indian Armed

Forces. The office of the President holds great significance in the country’s administration. Though

India follows a parliamentary system of governance, where the Prime Minister is the real executive

authority, the President still plays a crucial constitutional role.

Election of the President: The President of India is elected through an indirect election. This means

that the citizens of India do not directly vote for the President. Instead, an electoral college elects

the President. The electoral college consists of:

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1. Elected members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)

2. Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of all States

3. Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of Union Territories (like Delhi, Puducherry,

etc.)

Election Process:

The election of the President follows the system of proportional representation by means of a single

transferable vote. This ensures that the voting power of different states is fairly represented.

• Each Member of Parliament (MP) and Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) has a different

vote value.

• The value of an MLA’s vote depends on the population of the state he/she represents.

• The quota required to win the election is calculated using a specific formula to ensure a fair

representation.

• Voting takes place by secret ballot, and electors rank candidates in order of preference.

• If no candidate secures the required votes in the first round, the votes of the least preferred

candidate are transferred to other candidates based on second preferences.

• The candidate who secures the required quota is declared the President-elect.

Eligibility for Becoming the President:

To be eligible for election as President, a person must:

1. Be a citizen of India.

2. Be at least 35 years old.

3. Be qualified to be a member of the Lok Sabha.

4. Not hold any office of profit under the government.

Term and Removal:

• The President serves a term of 5 years but can be re-elected.

• The President can be impeached (removed) for violating the Constitution. This process is

complex and requires a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament.

Powers and Functions of the President

The President performs various important functions under the Constitution of India. The powers of

the President can be classified into several categories:

1. Executive Powers:

• The President is the executive head of the country, though the real power is exercised by the

Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.

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• All executive actions of the Indian government are taken in the name of the President.

• The President appoints:

o The Prime Minister and, on his/her advice, other ministers.

o Governors of States.

o Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.

o Chief Election Commissioner and other election commissioners.

o Attorney General of India.

• The President has the power to remove certain officials, including governors and election

commissioners, under specific conditions.

2. Legislative Powers:

• The President is an integral part of the Parliament.

• The President summons and prorogues Parliament and has the power to dissolve the Lok

Sabha.

• Before any bill becomes a law, it must receive the President’s assent.

• The President has the power to send a bill back to Parliament for reconsideration (except for

money bills).

• The President can nominate 12 members to the Rajya Sabha from fields like literature,

science, art, and social service.

• The President nominates two members from the Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha

(this provision was removed by the 104th Amendment Act in 2019).

3. Financial Powers:

• No money bill can be introduced in Parliament without the recommendation of the

President.

• The President appoints the Finance Commission, which recommends how revenue should be

distributed between the central and state governments.

4. Judicial Powers:

• The President has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, and remissions of

punishment under Article 72 of the Constitution. This is called the pardoning power.

• The President appoints judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.

5. Diplomatic Powers:

• The President represents India in international affairs.

• The President appoints ambassadors and other diplomatic officials.

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• The President receives foreign dignitaries and ratifies international treaties (though these

are negotiated by the government).

6. Military Powers:

• The President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.

• The President appoints the Chiefs of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

• However, the power to declare war or peace rests with the Parliament.

7. Emergency Powers:

The President can take special actions during emergencies, which are classified into three types:

1. National Emergency (Article 352) – Declared due to war, external aggression, or armed

rebellion.

2. State Emergency (President’s Rule) (Article 356) – Declared when a state government fails to

function properly.

3. Financial Emergency (Article 360) – Declared when the financial stability of the country is at

risk.

During an emergency, the President can assume greater control over governance, including state

governments and financial matters.

Conclusion:

The President of India is the constitutional head of the country. While the actual governance is

carried out by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, the President plays a crucial role in

upholding the Constitution and ensuring the smooth functioning of democracy. The election process

of the President ensures fairness and representation, while the various powers help in maintaining

balance and stability in the Indian political system.

Through both ceremonial and executive functions, the President serves as a guardian of the

Constitution and a symbol of national unity. Even though the President's role is largely formal, their

influence in times of crisis or emergencies cannot be underestimated.

4. Write a detailed note on the composition, functions and role of the High Court.

Ans: The High Court: Composition, Functions, and Role

Introduction

The High Court is one of the most important institutions in the Indian judicial system. It is the

highest judicial body at the state level and plays a crucial role in maintaining law and order,

protecting the Constitution, and ensuring justice. Every state in India has a High Court, and in some

cases, a single High Court serves more than one state or Union Territory. The High Court operates

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under the authority of the Indian Constitution and serves as a guardian of fundamental rights and

the rule of law.

Composition of the High Court

The composition of the High Court is defined under Article 214 to Article 231 of the Indian

Constitution. It consists of:

1. Chief Justice: The High Court is headed by the Chief Justice, who is responsible for the

administration of the court and decision-making in important cases.

2. Other Judges: Along with the Chief Justice, there are other judges in the High Court. The

number of judges varies from state to state, depending on the workload and population.

Appointment of Judges

• High Court judges are appointed by the President of India after consultation with the Chief

Justice of India, the Governor of the state, and the Chief Justice of the respective High Court.

• The appointment process ensures that only qualified and experienced individuals become

judges.

Qualifications of High Court Judges

A person must fulfill the following conditions to become a judge of the High Court:

1. They must be a citizen of India.

2. They should have at least ten years of experience as an advocate in a High Court or as a

judicial officer in India.

3. They should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.

Tenure and Removal of Judges

• There is no fixed retirement age for High Court judges. However, they usually retire at the

age of 62 years.

• A High Court judge can only be removed by the President of India through a process known

as impeachment, which is based on proven misbehavior or incapacity.

Functions of the High Court

The High Court has several important functions, which can be broadly categorized as follows:

1. Judicial Functions

• The High Court hears appeals against decisions made by lower courts (District and Sessions

Courts) in civil and criminal matters.

• It has the power to interpret the Constitution and laws.

• It can review and overturn decisions of lower courts if they are found to be unconstitutional

or unjust.

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• The High Court has writ jurisdiction under Article 226, which allows it to issue writs for the

protection of fundamental rights.

2. Administrative Functions

• The High Court supervises the functioning of subordinate courts in its jurisdiction.

• It has the power to transfer cases from one court to another to ensure fair trials.

• It provides guidelines and policies for the smooth administration of justice in lower courts.

3. Advisory Functions

• The High Court can advise the Governor of the state on legal matters when required.

• It also plays a role in advising other government authorities on legal disputes and issues.

4. Power of Judicial Review

• The High Court has the power to examine the constitutionality of laws passed by the state

legislature.

• If any law is found to be unconstitutional, the High Court can declare it null and void.

5. Writ Jurisdiction

The High Court can issue five types of writs to ensure justice:

1. Habeas Corpus – To release a person who has been wrongfully detained.

2. Mandamus – To direct a public official to perform their legal duty.

3. Prohibition – To prevent a lower court from exceeding its authority.

4. Certiorari – To transfer a case to itself if there is a misuse of power by a lower court.

5. Quo Warranto – To challenge a person’s right to hold a public office.

Role of the High Court

The High Court plays a vital role in upholding justice, maintaining law and order, and protecting the

rights of citizens. Some of its key roles include:

1. Guardian of the Constitution

The High Court ensures that state laws and government actions do not violate the Constitution. It

protects fundamental rights by issuing writs and striking down unconstitutional laws.

2. Protector of Fundamental Rights

If a citizen’s rights are violated, they can directly approach the High Court for justice. The court

takes necessary actions against individuals, authorities, or government bodies that infringe upon

these rights.

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3. Ensuring Fair Trials

The High Court ensures that all individuals, regardless of their status, receive fair treatment in legal

proceedings. It oversees lower courts and takes corrective measures if any injustice occurs.

4. Checking Government Power

The High Court acts as a check on the arbitrary actions of the government. If a government policy or

law is found to be unjust, the High Court has the power to intervene and correct it.

5. Settling Disputes

The High Court resolves disputes related to civil, criminal, and constitutional matters. It also hears

cases related to elections, property, taxation, and more.

Examples to Understand the Role of the High Court

1. Example of Fundamental Rights Protection: If a person is wrongfully arrested without

reason, they can file a Habeas Corpus writ in the High Court to seek immediate release.

2. Example of Judicial Review: If a state government passes a law restricting free speech, the

High Court can declare it unconstitutional if it violates fundamental rights.

3. Example of Fair Trial: If a person accused of a crime believes that the lower court is biased,

they can approach the High Court to transfer the case to another court for a fair trial.

Conclusion

The High Court is a pillar of the Indian judiciary, ensuring justice, fairness, and constitutional

integrity at the state level. It plays a crucial role in upholding democracy by protecting individual

rights, reviewing government actions, and ensuring that laws are followed correctly. Without the

High Court, maintaining the rule of law and providing speedy justice to citizens would be much

more difficult. By functioning independently and fairly, the High Court strengthens the Indian legal

system and upholds the democratic values of the nation.

SECTION-C

5. How is the Chief Minister appointed? Discuss position and functions of the Chief Minister.

Ans: Chief Minister

The Appointment, Position, and Functions of the Chief Minister

Introduction

The Chief Minister (CM) is the head of the state government in India. He or she is responsible for

running the government and ensuring that laws and policies are implemented effectively. The Chief

Minister plays a crucial role in the administration of the state, similar to how the Prime Minister

leads the central government.

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Appointment of the Chief Minister

The appointment of the Chief Minister is an important process that follows democratic principles.

The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor of the state. However, the Governor does not have

complete freedom in this matter. The appointment follows a clear set of rules and traditions:

1. Leader of the Majority Party: After state assembly elections, the political party (or coalition)

that wins the majority of seats is invited by the Governor to form the government. The

leader of this majority party or coalition is appointed as the Chief Minister.

2. Oath-Taking Ceremony: Once appointed, the Chief Minister takes an oath of office and

secrecy, administered by the Governor.

3. Tenure: The Chief Minister serves for a term of five years, but he/she can continue in office

only as long as he/she has the confidence of the majority in the State Legislative Assembly.

4. Resignation or Removal: If the Chief Minister loses the majority support, he/she must

resign. The Governor can dismiss the Chief Minister if he/she is unable to prove the majority

when required.

Position of the Chief Minister

The Chief Minister occupies a central position in the state government. His/her role and importance

can be understood from the following points:

1. Head of the Government: The Chief Minister is the real executive authority in the state.

While the Governor is the constitutional head, most of the decision-making powers lie with

the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers.

2. Leader of the Legislative Assembly: The Chief Minister leads the ruling party in the state

legislature and ensures that government policies and laws are passed smoothly.

3. Link between the Governor and the Cabinet: The Chief Minister acts as a bridge between

the Governor and the state government. He/she advises the Governor on important matters

and keeps him/her informed about state affairs.

4. Leader of the Council of Ministers: The Chief Minister selects ministers for the cabinet,

assigns them responsibilities, and can recommend their removal if needed.

5. Representative of the State: The Chief Minister represents the state at national and

international forums, participates in meetings with the Prime Minister, and plays a key role

in shaping policies for state development.

Functions and Powers of the Chief Minister

The Chief Minister has several important responsibilities. These can be divided into administrative,

legislative, and financial functions.

1. Administrative Functions

The Chief Minister is responsible for the overall administration of the state. Some key

administrative roles include:

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• Formation of the Ministry: The Chief Minister chooses ministers from among the elected

representatives and assigns them different departments such as education, health, and

transport.

• Policy Making: The Chief Minister, along with the Council of Ministers, formulates policies

for the development of the state.

• Supervision of Departments: The Chief Minister ensures that government departments

function efficiently and that policies are properly implemented.

• Coordination Between Centre and State: The Chief Minister plays a crucial role in

maintaining coordination between the central and state governments, especially on issues

like law and order, economic development, and disaster management.

• Emergency Decisions: In case of natural disasters, riots, or other crises, the Chief Minister

takes immediate decisions to ensure the safety of people.

2. Legislative Functions

The Chief Minister plays a vital role in the legislative process:

• Introduction of Bills: The Chief Minister ensures that necessary bills are introduced in the

Legislative Assembly and that they are passed efficiently.

• Participation in Debates: The Chief Minister actively participates in debates and discussions

in the state legislature.

• Recommending Dissolution of Assembly: If needed, the Chief Minister can recommend the

dissolution of the Legislative Assembly before the completion of its five-year term.

• Addressing the Assembly: At the beginning of each session, the Chief Minister outlines the

government’s agenda and priorities.

3. Financial Functions

The Chief Minister plays an important role in managing the financial affairs of the state:

• Budget Preparation: The Chief Minister, along with the Finance Minister, prepares and

presents the annual budget in the state legislature.

• Financial Planning: The Chief Minister ensures proper allocation of funds for various

developmental projects such as roads, hospitals, and schools.

• Seeking Funds from the Centre: The Chief Minister often negotiates with the central

government for financial assistance and grants for state projects.

Examples of Chief Ministers and Their Work

To understand the role better, let’s look at a few examples:

1. Yogi Adityanath (Uttar Pradesh): Focused on improving law and order, infrastructure

development, and investment in the state.

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2. M.K. Stalin (Tamil Nadu): Emphasized welfare schemes and education policies to improve

literacy and employment.

3. Mamata Banerjee (West Bengal): Introduced various social welfare programs, including

financial support for women and farmers.

4. Arvind Kejriwal (Delhi): Known for policies related to free electricity, better healthcare, and

quality education.

Challenges Faced by the Chief Minister

The Chief Minister has several responsibilities, but also faces many challenges:

• Maintaining Law and Order: Ensuring peace and security in the state is a major challenge.

• Financial Constraints: Limited financial resources often restrict developmental work.

• Opposition from Political Rivals: Dealing with opposition parties and political conflicts is a

tough task.

• Natural Disasters: Managing relief work during floods, earthquakes, or pandemics is a

difficult responsibility.

Conclusion

The Chief Minister is the most powerful person in the state government and plays a key role in

governance, development, and administration. Appointed by the Governor based on majority

support, the Chief Minister leads the state’s executive, legislative, and financial affairs. While the

role comes with many responsibilities, an efficient and visionary Chief Minister can bring significant

progress to the state and improve the lives of its people.

Understanding the role of the Chief Minister helps us appreciate the importance of state

governance and the need for responsible leadership.

6. Discuss Functions and Role of Divisional Commissioner.

Ans: Functions and Role of Divisional Commissioner

Introduction

In India, the Divisional Commissioner is an important administrative officer responsible for

overseeing the administration of a division, which is a group of districts within a state. The role of

the Divisional Commissioner is crucial in ensuring smooth governance, coordinating between

various government departments, and implementing policies effectively.

The position of Divisional Commissioner was introduced during British rule in India to ensure better

control and efficiency in administration. Even today, this post remains important in the Indian

administrative system. The Divisional Commissioner acts as a bridge between the state government

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and district administration, ensuring that government policies and programs reach the grassroots

level effectively.

Functions of the Divisional Commissioner

The Divisional Commissioner has a wide range of responsibilities that can be categorized into

administrative, revenue, developmental, and law and order functions. Let’s discuss each of these in

detail:

1. Administrative Functions

The Divisional Commissioner is the head of general administration in the division. His main

administrative responsibilities include:

• Supervision of District Collectors: The Commissioner oversees the work of District Collectors

in different districts within the division. This ensures uniformity in administration and policy

implementation.

• Coordination Between Departments: He acts as a link between the state government and

district administration, making sure that various government departments work in harmony.

• Implementation of Government Policies: The Commissioner ensures that the policies and

schemes launched by the central and state governments are properly implemented in the

division.

• Personnel Management: He monitors the work of officers in different government

departments and ensures that officials are performing their duties efficiently.

• Crisis Management: In case of emergencies like natural disasters, accidents, or riots, the

Commissioner plays a key role in coordinating relief efforts and maintaining order.

2. Revenue Functions

One of the most important responsibilities of the Divisional Commissioner is related to land revenue

administration. His key duties in this regard include:

• Supervision of Revenue Collection: The Commissioner ensures that land revenue and other

taxes are collected properly by the district administration.

• Resolution of Land Disputes: He oversees the resolution of land-related issues and cases in

the division.

• Land Reforms and Management: The Commissioner ensures the proper implementation of

land reforms and policies related to land use, tenancy rights, and land acquisition.

• Appeals and Revisions: He acts as an appellate authority in revenue cases decided by lower

authorities like District Collectors.

3. Developmental Functions

Apart from administrative and revenue duties, the Divisional Commissioner plays a crucial role in

the development of the region. His responsibilities in this area include:

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• Implementation of Development Programs: The Commissioner ensures the execution of

government schemes related to education, health, agriculture, rural development, and

infrastructure.

• Monitoring Public Welfare Programs: He checks the progress of welfare schemes like

employment programs, social security measures, and food distribution programs.

• Review of Public Services: He supervises the functioning of schools, hospitals, transport

facilities, and irrigation projects in the division.

• Promoting Economic Development: The Commissioner plays a key role in promoting

industries, trade, and employment opportunities in the region.

4. Law and Order Functions

The Divisional Commissioner works closely with the police and district magistrates to maintain

peace and security in the division. His role in this aspect includes:

• Maintaining Law and Order: He ensures coordination between the police and civil

administration for the maintenance of peace.

• Handling Emergencies: In case of riots, terrorist threats, or natural calamities, he takes

immediate action to prevent damage and loss of life.

• Supervising the Criminal Justice System: The Commissioner ensures proper functioning of

jails, judicial services, and crime control measures.

Role of the Divisional Commissioner

The role of the Divisional Commissioner is dynamic and ever-evolving. Some of his key roles include:

1. As a Coordinator

The Commissioner serves as a link between different levels of government. He ensures smooth

communication and coordination between:

• The state government and district administration

• Various government departments working in the division

• Local self-government bodies like municipalities and panchayats

2. As a Leader and Guide

The Divisional Commissioner acts as a guide to district officials, helping them in administrative

matters and decision-making. He provides leadership in crisis situations and ensures that officials

work efficiently.

3. As an Inspector and Supervisor

The Commissioner frequently inspects government offices, development projects, and public

service institutions like hospitals, schools, and police stations. His inspection ensures that work is

done efficiently and corruption is minimized.

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4. As an Appellate Authority

In cases related to revenue disputes, land acquisition, or administrative decisions, the Divisional

Commissioner acts as an appellate authority, reviewing decisions made by lower officials and

ensuring justice.

5. As a Crisis Manager

During disasters like floods, earthquakes, or epidemics, the Commissioner plays a crucial role in

organizing relief operations, coordinating between government agencies, and providing necessary

assistance to affected people.

Examples to Understand the Role of the Divisional Commissioner

Example 1: Managing a Flood Situation

Suppose heavy rainfall leads to floods in a district. The Divisional Commissioner will:

• Coordinate with district officials and disaster management teams.

• Ensure proper evacuation of affected people.

• Arrange for food, water, and medical aid.

• Monitor rescue operations with the help of the police and army.

• Supervise the rehabilitation of displaced families after the flood subsides.

Example 2: Implementing a Government Scheme

If the central government launches a new rural employment scheme, the Commissioner will:

• Ensure its proper implementation in all districts of the division.

• Monitor fund allocation and prevent corruption.

• Conduct field visits to check the progress of the scheme.

• Address complaints from the public and ensure smooth execution.

Conclusion

The Divisional Commissioner plays a vital role in the Indian administrative system. His wide range of

functions ensures that government policies reach the people efficiently. From revenue

administration to law enforcement and development, the Commissioner has multiple

responsibilities. His leadership is especially crucial in times of crisis, ensuring that public welfare

remains a priority.

In a country as large and diverse as India, effective administration at the divisional level is essential

for good governance. The Divisional Commissioner, as the head of a division, ensures that

administration runs smoothly, helping the government serve the people better.

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SECTION-D

7. Discuss the relationship between Permanent and Political Executive.

Ans: The Relationship Between Permanent and Political Executive in Indian Administration

Introduction

In any democratic system, governance requires two essential types of executives: the Political

Executive and the Permanent Executive. These two groups work together to ensure the smooth

functioning of the government. While the Political Executive consists of elected representatives,

such as ministers, who make policy decisions, the Permanent Executive consists of civil servants,

such as IAS (Indian Administrative Service) officers, who implement these policies. Both play crucial

roles, and their relationship determines the efficiency and effectiveness of governance in India.

Understanding the Two Executives

1. Political Executive (Elected Representatives)

o This group consists of ministers at different levels, such as the Prime Minister, Chief

Ministers, Cabinet Ministers, and other political leaders.

o They are elected by the people, either directly or indirectly, through elections.

o Their primary responsibility is to formulate policies, make important decisions, and

ensure that the government works in accordance with the will of the people.

o Their tenure depends on elections, which means they can be changed after every five

years or even earlier if a government loses its majority.

2. Permanent Executive (Bureaucracy or Civil Servants)

o This group consists of career officials who are selected through a merit-based system

like the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examination.

o They include IAS, IPS, IFS officers, and other government employees who assist the

political leaders in running the administration.

o Unlike the political executive, they have a fixed and long-term tenure and remain in

service even when the government changes.

o Their main role is to implement policies, give expert advice to ministers, and ensure

the smooth working of government departments.

Relationship Between Permanent and Political Executive

The relationship between the Permanent and Political Executive is one of cooperation and

interdependence. While the Political Executive has decision-making powers, the Permanent

Executive provides expertise and ensures the implementation of policies. The nature of this

relationship can be understood in the following ways:

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1. Policy Formulation and Implementation

• The Political Executive (ministers) decides on policies, keeping in mind the needs of the

people and the political ideology of their party.

• The Permanent Executive (civil servants) helps in drafting these policies, providing necessary

data, research, and technical advice.

• Example: If the government wants to launch a new education policy, the education minister

will announce it, but IAS officers will conduct studies, suggest strategies, and implement the

policy in schools and colleges.

2. Advisory Role of the Permanent Executive

• Ministers are usually politicians and may not have expertise in areas like economics, law, or

public administration.

• Civil servants act as advisors, guiding ministers on the feasibility, advantages, and

disadvantages of different policies.

• Example: If the finance minister wants to introduce a new tax, civil servants from the finance

ministry will provide reports, economic forecasts, and suggest the best way to implement it.

3. Implementation of Government Decisions

• The political executive makes decisions, but it is the civil servants who implement them.

• Civil servants ensure that policies reach the grassroots level, coordinating between different

government departments and agencies.

• Example: If the government launches a poverty alleviation scheme, IAS officers will ensure

that funds are allocated properly and the scheme reaches the intended beneficiaries.

4. Accountability and Supervision

• The Political Executive is accountable to the public and the legislature (Parliament or State

Assemblies).

• Ministers supervise the work of civil servants, ensuring that they follow government policies

correctly.

• At the same time, civil servants must work efficiently and ethically, as they are accountable

to rules, laws, and public interest.

5. Stability vs. Change

• The Political Executive changes with elections; new ministers may have different priorities

and policies.

• The Permanent Executive remains stable, ensuring continuity in governance even when

governments change.

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• Example: Even if a new political party comes to power, civil servants continue their work and

ensure that government services like law enforcement, education, and healthcare are not

disrupted.

6. Possible Conflicts and Challenges

• Sometimes, ministers may expect civil servants to act in a way that supports their political

interests rather than public welfare.

• Civil servants, being neutral, may resist certain political pressures, leading to friction

between the two.

• Example: If a political leader wants quick approval for a project that violates environmental

laws, civil servants may delay or reject it based on legal and ethical considerations.

Conclusion

The relationship between the Permanent and Political Executive is vital for a well-functioning

democracy. Both have distinct roles but must work in coordination to ensure good governance.

Ministers provide vision and leadership, while civil servants offer stability, expertise, and

implementation skills. If they work in harmony, policies are more effective, benefiting the country

and its citizens. However, maintaining a balance between political direction and administrative

neutrality is key to a successful administration in India.

8. Write an essay on Good Governance Initiatives.

Ans: Good Governance Initiatives in Indian Administration

Good governance is essential for the progress and development of any country. It ensures that the

government functions effectively, transparently, and in the best interest of its citizens. In India,

various initiatives have been taken to promote good governance, aiming to make the administration

more accountable, efficient, and people-friendly. This essay discusses the concept of good

governance, its key principles, and major initiatives taken by the Indian government to improve

governance.

What is Good Governance?

Good governance refers to the process by which public institutions conduct public affairs and

manage resources in a manner that is effective, transparent, accountable, and responsive to the

needs of the people. It ensures that policies and decisions are made in a way that benefits all

sections of society, particularly the weaker and marginalized groups.

Principles of Good Governance

1. Transparency – Government actions and decisions should be open and clear so that citizens

can access information and understand how policies are made.

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2. Accountability – Officials and leaders should be answerable for their actions and decisions

to the public and institutions that oversee governance.

3. Participation – Citizens should have the right to participate in decision-making processes,

either directly or through elected representatives.

4. Rule of Law – Laws should be applied equally to all citizens, ensuring justice and fairness.

5. Effectiveness and Efficiency – Public resources should be used wisely to achieve the best

possible outcomes.

6. Equity and Inclusiveness – Every citizen, regardless of background, should have an

opportunity to benefit from government policies.

7. Responsiveness – The government should respond to the needs of its people in a timely

manner.

8. Consensus-Oriented – Decisions should be made considering different perspectives and

interests to achieve broad agreement.

Major Good Governance Initiatives in India

India has undertaken several initiatives to strengthen governance and ensure better service

delivery. Some of the key initiatives include:

1. Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005

The RTI Act empowers citizens to seek information from government offices. It promotes

transparency and accountability by ensuring that government officials provide requested

information within a specific timeframe. For example, if someone wants to know how government

funds are being spent in their village, they can file an RTI application and receive the details.

2. E-Governance Initiatives

E-Governance uses technology to improve the delivery of government services, reduce corruption,

and make administration more efficient. Some important e-governance initiatives include:

• Digital India – A program launched to transform India into a digitally empowered society by

providing online services, digital literacy, and internet access in rural areas.

• MyGov – A platform that allows citizens to participate in governance by giving suggestions

and feedback.

• Aadhaar – A biometric identification system that helps in direct benefit transfers and

reduces fraud in welfare schemes.

3. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)

The DBT system ensures that subsidies and benefits are transferred directly into the bank accounts

of beneficiaries, reducing middlemen and leakages. For instance, subsidies for LPG gas cylinders are

now directly credited to people’s bank accounts, preventing corruption and delays.

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4. Jan Dhan Yojana

Launched in 2014, this scheme aimed to provide banking services to every household, especially in

rural areas. By opening zero-balance bank accounts, people who previously had no access to

banking services can now save money, receive subsidies, and access financial benefits directly.

5. Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013

To combat corruption, this act established the Lokpal at the central level and Lokayuktas in states.

These institutions investigate complaints of corruption against public officials and ensure

accountability.

6. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission)

This mission, launched in 2014, aims to improve sanitation and cleanliness in India. It encourages

people to build and use toilets, keep their surroundings clean, and eliminate open defecation. The

initiative has led to significant improvements in hygiene and public health.

7. Smart Cities Mission

This program focuses on developing urban areas with improved infrastructure, efficient

transportation, and better public services through technology-driven solutions. Smart Cities aim to

make urban life more convenient and sustainable.

8. Make in India

Launched in 2014, this initiative promotes India as a global manufacturing hub. By improving ease of

doing business, simplifying regulations, and encouraging investments, the government aims to

boost industrial growth and job creation.

9. Good Governance Index (GGI)

The Good Governance Index was introduced to measure the performance of states and Union

Territories in governance. It evaluates various aspects like economic governance, public

infrastructure, and law and order, encouraging states to improve their governance.

10. Mission Karmayogi

This program focuses on improving the skills and efficiency of government employees through

training and capacity-building initiatives. It ensures that public servants are well-equipped to serve

the citizens effectively.

Challenges in Implementing Good Governance

Despite these initiatives, challenges remain in achieving good governance:

• Corruption – While measures like Lokpal exist, corruption in public offices continues to be a

problem.

• Bureaucratic Inefficiency – Slow decision-making and delays in government processes

hinder efficient governance.

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• Lack of Awareness – Many citizens, especially in rural areas, are unaware of their rights and

government initiatives.

• Technological Barriers – Digital initiatives require internet access, which is still limited in

some parts of India.

Conclusion

Good governance is essential for India's development and the well-being of its people. The

government has implemented several initiatives to improve transparency, accountability, and

efficiency in administration. While progress has been made, challenges remain, and continuous

efforts are needed to overcome them. Citizens also play a crucial role in governance by staying

informed, participating in decision-making, and holding authorities accountable. With sustained

efforts and active citizen engagement, India can achieve even better governance and ensure a

prosperous future for all its people.

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